what happened to aaron burr after he killed hamilton

1804 duel between Aaron Burr and Alexander Hamilton

Burr–Hamilton Duel
A 20th-century rendering by J. Mund depicting the July 11, 1804, duel between Aaron Burr and Alexander Hamilton. Note the anachronistic habiliment: wigs and tricorn hats were outdated past the showtime of the 19th century.
Location	Weehawken, New Bailiwick of jersey
Coordinates	40°46′13″N 74°01′01″W  /  40.770230°N 74.016944°Due west  / 40.770230; -74.016944
Appointment	July 11, 1804; 217 years ago  (1804-07-11)
Target	Aaron Burr, Alexander Hamilton
Assault type	Duel
Weapons	Wogdon & Barton pistols
Deaths	Alexander Hamilton
Injured	1 fatality
Perpetrators	Aaron Burr, Alexander Hamilton

The Burr–Hamilton duel took place in Weehawken, New Jersey, between Aaron Burr, the Vice President of the United States, and Alexander Hamilton, the get-go and former Secretary of the Treasury, on the forenoon of July 11, 1804. The duel was the culmination of a bitter rivalry that had adult between both men who had get high-profile politicians in postcolonial America. In the duel Burr fatally shot Hamilton, while Hamilton fired into a tree branch above and behind Burr's caput. Hamilton was taken back across the Hudson River and died the following day in New York.^[i]

The death of Hamilton led to the permanent weakening of the Federalist Party and its demise in American domestic politics. It also effectively ended the political career of Burr, who was vilified for shooting Hamilton; he never held another loftier office after his tenure of Vice President ended in 1805.

Background [edit]

The Burr–Hamilton duel is one of the most famous personal conflicts in American history. It was a pistol duel that arose from long-standing personal bitterness that developed between the two men over the course of several years. Tension rose with Hamilton'due south journalistic defamation of Burr's grapheme during the 1804 New York gubernatorial race, in which Burr was a candidate.

The duel was fought at a time when the practice was being outlawed in the northern United States, and it had immense political ramifications. Burr survived the duel and was indicted for murder in both New York and New Jersey, though these charges subsequently were either dismissed or resulted in acquittal. The harsh criticism and animosity directed toward Burr following the duel brought an cease to his political career. The Federalist Political party was already weakened by the defeat of John Adams in the presidential election of 1800 and was further weakened by Hamilton'southward death.

The duel was the terminal skirmish of a long disharmonize between Democratic-Republicans and Federalists. The conflict began in 1791 when Burr won a United states of america Senate seat from Philip Schuyler, Hamilton's begetter-in-law, who would have supported Federalist policies. (Hamilton was the Secretarial assistant of the Treasury at the time.) The Electoral Higher then deadlocked in the election of 1800, during which Hamilton's maneuvering in the House of Representatives caused Thomas Jefferson to be named president and Burr vice president.^[ii] At the time, the nigh votes resulted in an election win, while second place received the Vice Presidency. In that location were only proto-political parties at the fourth dimension, as disdainfully noted in President Washington's Good day Address, and no shared tickets.

Hamilton's animosity toward Burr was astringent and well-documented in personal letters to his friend and compatriot James McHenry. The post-obit quotation from one of these letters on Jan iv, 1801, exemplifies his bitterness:

"Nothing has given me so much chagrin every bit the Intelligence that the Federal party were thinking seriously of supporting Mr. Burr for president. I should consider the execution of the plan every bit devoting the land and signing their own death warrant. Mr. Burr volition probably make stipulations, but he will laugh in his sleeve while he makes them and will break them the get-go moment information technology may serve his purpose."^[3]

Hamilton details the many charges that he has against Burr in a more than extensive alphabetic character written shortly later on, calling him a "profligate, a voluptuary in the farthermost", accusing him of corruptly serving the interests of the Holland Land Visitor while a member of the legislature, criticizing his military committee and accusing him of resigning information technology under false pretenses, and many more serious accusations.^[iii]

Morgan Lewis, endorsed past Hamilton, defeated Burr in the 1804 New York gubernatorial election.

It became articulate that Jefferson would drop Burr from his ticket in the 1804 election, so the Vice President ran for the governorship of New York instead.^{[ citation needed ]} Hamilton campaigned vigorously against Burr, who was running as an contained, causing him to lose to Morgan Lewis, a Democratic-Republican endorsed past Hamilton.^{[ commendation needed ]}

Both men had been involved in duels in the past. Hamilton had been the second in several duels, although never the duelist himself, but he was involved in more than a dozen affairs of honor^[4] prior to his fatal encounter with Burr, including disputes with William Gordon (1779), Aedanus Burke (1790), John Francis Mercer (1792–1793), James Nicholson (1795), James Monroe (1797), and Ebenezer Purdy and George Clinton (1804). He also served as a 2d to John Laurens in a 1779 duel with Full general Charles Lee, and to legal client John Auldjo in a 1787 duel with William Pierce.^[v] Hamilton also claimed that he had one previous honor dispute with Burr,^[6] while Burr stated that there were two.^{[vii] [8]}

Ballot of 1800 [edit]

Burr and Hamilton showtime came into public opposition during the United states of america presidential election of 1800. Burr ran for president on the Democratic-Republican ticket, forth with Thomas Jefferson, against President John Adams (the Federalist incumbent) and his vice presidential running mate Charles C. Pinckney. Electoral Higher rules at the time gave each elector 2 votes for president. The candidate who received the second about votes became vice president.

The Democratic-Republican Party planned to have 72 of their 73 electors vote for both Jefferson and Burr, with the remaining elector voting only for Jefferson. The electors failed to execute this plan, so Burr and Jefferson were tied with 73 votes each. The Constitution stipulated that if two candidates with an Electoral College majority were tied, the ballot would exist moved to the House of Representatives—which was controlled by the Federalists, at this point, many of whom were loath to vote for Jefferson. Although Hamilton had a long-standing rivalry with Jefferson stemming from their tenure equally members of George Washington's cabinet, he regarded Burr as far more dangerous and used all his influence to ensure Jefferson's election. On the 36th ballot, the Firm of Representatives gave Jefferson the presidency, with Burr becoming vice president.

Charles Cooper'southward letter [edit]

On April 24, 1804, the Albany Annals published a letter opposing Burr'southward gubernatorial candidacy^[9] which was originally sent from Charles D. Cooper to Hamilton's father-in-law, former Senator Philip Schuyler.^[10] It fabricated reference to a previous statement past Cooper: "General Hamilton and Gauge Kent have declared in substance that they looked upon Mr. Burr to be a dangerous man, and one who ought non be trusted with the reins of government." Cooper went on to emphasize that he could depict in item "a still more than despicable opinion which Full general Hamilton has expressed of Mr. Burr" at a political dinner.^[eleven]

Burr responded in a letter delivered by William P. Van Ness which pointed particularly to the phrase "more despicable" and demanded "a prompt and unqualified acknowledgment or denial of the utilize of any expression which would warrant the assertion of Dr. Cooper." Hamilton's verbose respond on June 20, 1804, indicated that he could not exist held responsible for Cooper's interpretation of his words (yet he did non fault that interpretation), concluding that he would "abide the consequences" should Burr remain unsatisfied.^[12] A recurring theme in their correspondence is that Burr seeks boast or disavowal of anything that could justify Cooper's characterization, while Hamilton protests that there are no specifics.

This July 31, 1804 article reviewed the extended series of communications between Burr and Hamilton leading upwardly to the duel, and criticized the "barbarous custom" of dueling.

Burr replied on June 21, 1804, likewise delivered by Van Ness, stating that "political opposition can never absolve gentlemen from the necessity of a rigid adherence to the laws of honor and the rules of decorum".^[13] Hamilton replied that he had "no other answer to requite than that which has already been given". This alphabetic character was delivered to Nathaniel Pendleton on June 22 but did non reach Burr until June 25.^[14] The delay was due to negotiation between Pendleton and Van Ness in which Pendleton submitted the following newspaper:

General Hamilton says he cannot imagine what Dr. Cooper may take alluded, unless it were to a conversation at Mr. Taylor'south, in Albany, last winter (at which he and General Hamilton were present). General Hamilton cannot call back distinctly the particulars of that chat, then as to undertake to repeat them, without running the take chances of varying or omitting what might be deemed of import circumstances. The expressions are entirely forgotten, and the specific ideas imperfectly remembered; only to the all-time of his recollection information technology consisted of comments on the political principles and views of Colonel Burr, and the results that might be expected from them in the issue of his election equally Governor, without reference to any particular example of past comport or private character.^[15]

Eventually, Burr issued a formal challenge and Hamilton accepted.^[16] Many historians have considered the causes of the duel to be flimsy and have thus characterized Hamilton as "suicidal", Burr as "malicious and murderous", or both.^[17] Thomas Fleming offers the theory that Burr may have been attempting to recover his honour past challenging Hamilton, whom he considered to exist the just gentleman amidst his detractors, in response to the slanderous attacks against his character published during the 1804 gubernatorial campaign.^[18]

Hamilton'southward reasons for not engaging in a duel included his roles as begetter and husband, putting his creditors at gamble, and placing his family'southward welfare in jeopardy, but he felt that it would exist impossible to avoid a duel because he had made attacks on Burr which he was unable to recant, and considering of Burr'south beliefs prior to the duel. He attempted to reconcile his moral and religious reasons and the codes of honor and politics. Joanne Freeman speculates that Hamilton intended to accept the duel and throw away his shot in order to satisfy his moral and political codes.^[xix]

Duel [edit]

Creative impression of Burr's shot

In the early on morning of July 11, 1804, Burr and Hamilton departed from Manhattan by split boats and rowed beyond the Hudson River to a spot known equally the Heights of Weehawken, New Bailiwick of jersey, a popular dueling footing below the towering cliffs of the New Bailiwick of jersey Palisades.^[twenty] Dueling had been prohibited in both New York and New Jersey, but Hamilton and Burr agreed to go to Weehawken because New Jersey was not as aggressive as New York in prosecuting dueling participants. The same site was used for xviii known duels between 1700 and 1845, and it was not far from the site of the 1801 duel that killed Hamilton'southward eldest son Philip Hamilton.^{[21] [22]} They likewise took steps to requite all witnesses plausible deniability in an attempt to shield themselves from prosecution. For example, the pistols were transported to the isle in a portmanteau, enabling the rowers to say under oath that they had not seen whatsoever pistols. They also stood with their backs to the duelists.^[23]

Burr, William Peter Van Ness (his second), Matthew L. Davis, another man (often identified every bit John Swarthout), and the rowers all reached the site at 6:30 a.thou., whereupon Swarthout and Van Ness started to articulate the underbrush from the dueling basis. Hamilton, Judge Nathaniel Pendleton (his second), and Dr. David Hosack arrived a few minutes earlier 7. Lots were cast for the choice of position and which second should showtime the duel. Both were won past Hamilton's second, who chose the upper edge of the ledge for Hamilton, facing the metropolis.^[24] However, Joseph Ellis claims that Hamilton had been challenged and therefore had the selection of both weapon and position. Nether this account, Hamilton himself chose the upstream or north side position.^[25]

Some first-mitt accounts of the duel agree that two shots were fired, but some say but Burr fired, and the seconds disagreed on the intervening fourth dimension between them. It was mutual for both principals in a duel to fire a shot at the ground to exemplify courage, and then the duel could come to an end. Hamilton apparently fired a shot above Burr'due south head. Burr returned fire and hit Hamilton in the lower abdomen above the right hip.^[26] The large-caliber lead ball ricocheted off Hamilton'southward 3rd or 2nd false rib, fracturing information technology and causing considerable impairment to his internal organs, specially his liver and diaphragm, earlier lodging in his offset or second lumbar vertebra. According to Pendleton'south business relationship, Hamilton complanate most immediately, dropping the pistol involuntarily, and Burr moved toward him in a speechless fashion (which Pendleton deemed to be indicative of regret) before being hustled away backside an umbrella by Van Ness because Hosack and the rowers were already approaching.^[26]

It is entirely uncertain which principal fired first, as both seconds' backs were to the duel in accordance with the pre-arranged regulations then that they could show that they "saw no fire". After much research to decide the actual events of the duel, historian Joseph Ellis gives his best guess:

Hamilton did burn his weapon intentionally, and he fired first. But he aimed to miss Burr, sending his ball into the tree above and behind Burr'due south location. In so doing, he did non withhold his shot, but he did waste it, thereby honoring his pre-duel pledge. Meanwhile, Burr, who did non know nearly the pledge, did know that a projectile from Hamilton's gun had whizzed past him and crashed into the tree to his rear. According to the principles of the lawmaking duello, Burr was perfectly justified in taking deadly aim at Hamilton and firing to kill.

David Hosack's account [edit]

Hosack wrote his account on August 17, about one calendar month after the duel had taken place. He testified that he had only seen Hamilton and the two seconds disappear "into the wood", heard two shots, and rushed to detect a wounded Hamilton. He besides testified that he had not seen Burr, who had been hidden behind an umbrella by Van Ness.^[27] He gives a very clear picture of the events in a letter to William Coleman:

When called to him upon his receiving the fatal wound, I found him half sitting on the ground, supported in the arms of Mr. Pendleton. His countenance of death I shall never forget. He had at that instant just strength to say, "This is a mortal wound, doctor;" when he sunk away, and became to all appearance lifeless. I immediately stripped upward his apparel, and soon, alas I ascertained that the direction of the ball must accept been through some vital office. His pulses were not to be felt, his respiration was entirely suspended, and, upon laying my mitt on his middle and perceiving no motion there, I considered him every bit irrecoverably gone. I, withal, observed to Mr. Pendleton, that the simply risk for his reviving was immediately to get him upon the water. We therefore lifted him up, and carried him out of the wood to the margin of the bank, where the bargemen aided u.s.a. in conveying him into the boat, which immediately put off. During all this time I could non discover the to the lowest degree symptom of returning life. I now rubbed his face, lips, and temples with spirits of hartshorn, applied it to his neck and breast, and to the wrists and palms of his hands, and endeavoured to pour some into his oral cavity.^[28]

Hosack goes on to say that Hamilton had revived after a few minutes, either from the hartshorn or fresh air. He finishes his letter:

Soon after recovering his sight, he happened to bandage his centre upon the example of pistols, and observing the ane that he had had in his hand lying on the outside, he said, "Take care of that pistol; it is undischarged, and however cocked; it may become off and do impairment. Pendleton knows" (attempting to turn his head towards him) "that I did non intend to fire at him." "Yes," said Mr. Pendleton, agreement his wish, "I have already made Dr. Hosack acquainted with your decision as to that." He so closed his eyes and remained at-home, without any disposition to speak; nor did he say much afterward, except in respond to my questions. He asked me once or twice how I institute his pulse; and he informed me that his lower extremities had lost all feeling, manifesting to me that he entertained no hopes that he should long survive.^[28]

Statement to the printing [edit]

Pendleton and Van Ness issued a printing argument almost the events of the duel which pointed out the agreed-upon dueling rules and events that transpired. It stated that both participants were free to open burn in one case they had been given the social club to present. Subsequently first fire had been given, the opponent's 2nd would count to three, whereupon the opponent would burn or sacrifice his shot.^[29] Pendleton and Van Ness disagree as to who fired the first shot, but they agree that both men had fired "inside a few seconds of each other" (every bit they must accept; neither Pendleton nor Van Ness mentions counting down).^[29]

In Pendleton's amended version of the statement, he and a friend went to the site of the duel the day after Hamilton's death to observe where Hamilton's shot went. The statement reads:

They ascertained that the ball passed through the limb of a cedar tree, at an summit of about twelve anxiety and a half, perpendicularly from the basis, between thirteen and fourteen feet from the mark on which General Hamilton stood, and nigh four feet wide of the direct line between him and Col. Burr, on the right side; he having fallen on the left.^[30]

Hamilton'due south intentions [edit]

Hamilton wrote a letter before the duel titled Argument on Impending Duel with Aaron Burr ^[31] in which he stated that he was "strongly opposed to the practise of dueling" for both religious and applied reasons. "I take resolved," information technology connected, "if our interview is conducted in the usual manner, and it pleases God to give me the opportunity, to reserve and throw abroad my outset burn down, and I have thoughts fifty-fifty of reserving my 2d burn."^{[32] [33]}

Hamilton regained consciousness later beingness shot and told Dr. Hosack that his gun was still loaded and that "Pendleton knows I did not mean to fire at him." This is evidence for the theory that Hamilton intended non to burn, honoring his pre-duel pledge, and only fired accidentally upon beingness hit.^[thirty] Such an intention would have violated the protocol of the code duello and, when Burr learned of it, he responded: "Contemptible, if true."^[34] Hamilton could accept thrown away his shot past firing into the ground, thus possibly signaling Burr of his purpose.

Modern historians have debated to what extent Hamilton'south statements and letter represent his true beliefs, and how much of this was a deliberate endeavor to permanently ruin Burr if Hamilton were killed. An case of this may be seen in what 1 historian has considered to be deliberate attempts to provoke Burr on the dueling ground:

Hamilton performed a series of deliberately provocative deportment to ensure a lethal outcome. As they were taking their places, he asked that the proceedings stop, adjusted his spectacles, and slowly, repeatedly, sighted along his pistol to test his aim.^[35]

Burr's intentions [edit]

At that place is evidence that Burr intended to kill Hamilton.^[36] The afternoon subsequently the duel, he was quoted equally maxim that he would have shot Hamilton in the center had his vision non been impaired past the morning mist.^[37] English language philosopher Jeremy Bentham met with Burr in England in 1808, four years later the duel, and Burr claimed to have been certain of his ability to impale Hamilton. Bentham ended that Burr was "little better than a murderer."^[38]

There is besides testify in Burr's defense. Had Hamilton apologized for his "more despicable opinion of Mr. Burr",^[39] all would have been forgotten. However, the code duello required that injuries which needed an caption or apology must be specifically stated. Burr's accusation was then unspecific that it could've referred to annihilation that Hamilton had said over xv years of political rivalry. Despite this, Burr insisted on an answer.^[forty]

Burr knew of Hamilton'due south public opposition to his presidential run in 1800. Hamilton made confidential statements against him, such as those enumerated in his letter to Supreme Court Justice John Rutledge. In the attachment to that letter, Hamilton argued against Burr's character on numerous scores: he suspected Burr "on strong grounds of having corruptly served the views of the Holland Company;" "his very friends do not insist on his integrity"; "he will court and utilise able and daring scoundrels;" he seeks "Supreme power in his ain person" and "will in all likelihood attempt a usurpation," and so forth.^[41]

Pistols [edit]

Philip Hamilton was killed in a duel three years before, near the spot of the Burr–Hamilton duel.

The pistols used in the duel belonged to Hamilton's brother-in-law John Barker Church, who was a business partner of both Hamilton and Burr.^[42] Later legend claimed that these pistols were the aforementioned ones used in a 1799 duel between Church and Burr in which neither man was injured.^{[43] [44]} Burr, notwithstanding, wrote in his memoirs that he supplied the pistols for his duel with Church, and that they belonged to him.^{[45] [44]}

The Wogdon & Barton dueling pistols incorporated a hair-trigger feature that could be set past the user.^{[43] [46]} Hamilton was familiar with the weapons and would have been able to use the hair trigger. Nevertheless, Pendleton asked him before the duel whether he would employ the "hair-jump", and Hamilton reportedly replied, "Not this fourth dimension."^[24]

Hamilton's son Philip and George Eacker likely used the Church weapons in the 1801 duel in which Philip died, 3 years before the Burr–Hamilton duel.^[43] They were kept at Church'south estate Belvidere until the late 19th century;^[47] they were sold in 1930 to the Chase Manhattan Bank (now function of JP Morgan Chase), which traces its descent back to the Manhattan Visitor founded by Burr, and are on brandish in the depository financial institution'south headquarters at 270 Park Avenue in New York Urban center.^[48]

Aftermath [edit]

Subsequently existence attended by Hosack, the mortally wounded Hamilton was taken to the habitation of William Bayard Jr. in New York, where he received communion from Bishop Benjamin Moore.^{[49] [50]} He died the next day later seeing his wife Elizabeth and their children, in the presence of more than twenty friends and family members; he was buried in the Trinity Churchyard Cemetery in Manhattan. (Hamilton was an Episcopalian at his expiry.)^[51]

Burr was charged with murder in New York and New Bailiwick of jersey, just neither charge reached trial. In Bergen County, New Jersey, a grand jury indicted him for murder in Nov 1804,^[20] but the New Bailiwick of jersey Supreme Court quashed it on a motion from Colonel Ogden.^[52] Burr fled to St. Simons Island, Georgia, and stayed at the plantation of Pierce Butler, just he soon returned to Washington, D.C. to complete his term as vice president.^{[53] [54]}

This July 25, 1804 commodity reflected farthermost lamentation over Hamilton'due south expiry, and described the plan for his funeral procession and other tributes, including a xxx-day wearing of a commemorative black armband ("crape") by members of the Society of the Cincinnati of Pennsylvania of which Hamilton had been President Full general.^[55]

He presided over the impeachment trial of Samuel Chase "with the dignity and impartiality of an angel, only with the rigor of a devil", according to a Washington newspaper. Burr'south heartfelt adieu spoken communication to the Senate in March 1805 moved some of his harshest critics to tears.^[56]

Memorials and monuments [edit]

The bedrock where Hamilton may take rested

A bust of Hamilton from 1935

The offset memorial to the duel was synthetic in 1806 past the Saint Andrew'southward Society of the Land of New York of which Hamilton was a fellow member.^[57] A 14-human foot marble cenotaph was constructed where Hamilton was believed to have fallen, consisting of an obelisk topped by a flaming urn and a plaque with a quotation from Horace, the whole structure surrounded by an fe fence.^[58] Duels continued to be fought at the site and the marble was slowly vandalized and removed for souvenirs, with naught remaining by 1820. The memorial's plaque survived, however, turning up in a junk store and finding its way to the New-York Historical Society in Manhattan where it still resides.^[59]

From 1820 to 1857, the site was marked by two stones with the names Hamilton and Burr placed where they were idea to have stood during the duel, just a road was built through the site in 1858 from Hoboken, New Jersey, to Fort Lee, New Jersey; all that remained of those memorials was an inscription on a boulder where Hamilton was thought to have rested after the duel, but there are no primary accounts which confirm the boulder anecdote. Railroad tracks were laid directly through the site in 1870, and the boulder was hauled to the elevation of the Palisades where information technology remains today.^[60] An iron fence was congenital around it in 1874, supplemented by a bosom of Hamilton and a plaque. The bust was thrown over the cliff on October 14, 1934, past vandals and the caput was never recovered; a new bust was installed on July 12, 1935.^[61] The plaque was stolen past vandals in the 1980s and an abbreviated version of the text was inscribed on the indentation left in the boulder, which remained until the 1990s when a granite pedestal was added in front of the boulder and the bosom was moved to the tiptop of the pedestal. New markers were added on July xi, 2004, the 200th anniversary of the duel.^[62]

Anti-dueling motion in New York state [edit]

In the months and years following the duel, a movement started to finish the practice. Eliphalet Nott, the pastor at an Albany church attended past Hamilton's begetter-in-police, Philip Schuyler, gave a sermon that was soon reprinted, "A Soapbox, Delivered in the North Dutch Church, in the City of Albany, Occasioned by the Ever to be Lamented Expiry of General Alexander Hamilton, July 29, 1804". In 1806, Lyman Beecher delivered an anti-dueling sermon, later reprinted in 1809 by the Anti-Dueling Association of New York. The covers and some pages of both pamphlets:

• 

  Opening text of 1804 sermon

• 

  Anti-Dueling Association of New York pamphlet, Remedy, 1809

• 

  Resolutions, Anti-Dueling Association of Due north.Y., from Remedy pamphlet, 1809

• 

  Address to the electorate, from Remedy pamphlet

In popular civilization [edit]

The rules of dueling researched by historian Joanne B. Freeman provided inspiration for the song "10 Duel Commandments" in the Broadway musical Hamilton.^[63] The songs "Alexander Hamilton", "Your Obedient Retainer", and "The Globe Was Broad Plenty" too refer to the duel. The musical compresses the timeline for Burr and Hamilton'southward grievance, depicting Burr's challenge as a upshot of Hamilton's endorsement of Jefferson rather than the gubernatorial election. In Hamilton, the penultimate duel scene depicts a resolved Hamilton who intentionally aims his pistol at the sky and a regretful Burr who realizes this likewise belatedly and has already fired his shot.

Descendants of Burr and Hamilton held a re-enactment of the duel near the Hudson River for the duel's bicentennial in 2004. Douglas Hamilton, fifth great-grandson of Alexander Hamilton, faced Antonio Burr, a descendant of Aaron Burr's cousin. More than than one,000 people attended it, including an estimated 60 descendants of Hamilton and xl members of the Aaron Burr Association.^[64] The Alexander Hamilton Awareness Society has been hosting the Celebrate Hamilton program since 2012 to commemorate the Burr–Hamilton Duel and Alexander Hamilton'south life and legacy.^[65]

See likewise [edit]

• List of feuds in the United States

Notes [edit]

1. ^ "Today in History: July 11". Library of Congress. Retrieved April 23, 2007.
2. ^ See, for example, "Jefferson is in every view less dangerous than Burr": Hamilton on the election of 1800 (Letter from Alexander Hamilton to Harrison Grayness Otis: December 23, 1800).
3. ^ ^{a b} Bernard C. Steiner and James McHenry, The life and correspondence of James McHenry (Cleveland: Burrows Brothers Co., 1907).
4. ^ Freeman, Joanne B. (2002). Affairs of Accolade: National Politics in the New Republic. Yale University Press. pp. 326–327.
5. ^ Freeman, 1996, pp. 294–295.
6. ^ Nathaniel Pendleton to Van Ness. June 26, 1804. Hamilton Papers, 26:270.
7. ^ Burr to Charles Biddle; July eighteen, 2004. Papers of Aaron Burr, 2: 887.
8. ^ Additionally, Hamilton's son Philip was killed in a November 23, 1801, duel with George I. Eacker, initiated after Philip and his friend Richard Toll engaged in "hooliganish" behavior in Eacker's box at the Park Theatre (Manhattan, New York). This was in response to a spoken communication that Eacker had made on July 3, 1801, that was critical of Hamilton. Philip and his friend both challenged Eacker to duels when he called them "damned rascals" (Fleming, 1999, pp. 7–9). Toll'southward duel (likewise at Weehawken) resulted in nothing more than iv missed shots, and Hamilton brash his son to delope (throw abroad his shot). However, both Philip and Eacker stood shotless for a minute after the command "present", then Philip leveled his pistol, causing Eacker to burn down, mortally wounding Philip and sending his shot awry.
9. ^ Cooper, Charles D. April 24, 1804. Albany Annals.
10. ^ Cooper to Philip Schuyler. Hamilton Papers. April 23, 1804. 26: 246.
11. ^ Hamilton, John Church (1879). Life of Alexander Hamilton . Retrieved April 20, 2015.
12. ^ "From Alexander Hamilton to Aaron Burr, June xx, 1804". Founders.archives.gov. June 29, 2016. Retrieved July 9, 2016.
13. ^ "To Alexander Hamilton from Aaron Burr, June 21, 1804". Founders.archives.gov. June 29, 2016. Retrieved July 9, 2016.
14. ^ "From Alexander Hamilton to Aaron Burr, June 22, 1804". Founders.archives.gov. June 29, 2016. Retrieved July 9, 2016.
15. ^ Winfield, 1875, pp. 216–217.
16. ^ Winfield, 1875, p. 217.
17. ^ Freeman, 1996, p. 290.
18. ^ Fleming, p. 281
19. ^ Freeman, Joanne (1996). Dueling as Politics: Reinterpreting the Burr–Hamilton Duel.
20. ^ ^{a b} Buescher, John. "Burr–Hamilton Duel." Teachinghistory.org. Accessed July 11, 2011.
21. ^ Demontreux, 2004, p. 3.
22. ^ Chernow, Ron (March 29, 2005). Alexander Hamilton. Penguin. ISBN978-0-14-303475-9.
23. ^ Chernow, p. 700.
24. ^ ^{a b} Winfield, 1874, p. 219.
25. ^ Ellis, Joseph. Founding Brothers. p. 24
26. ^ ^{a b} Winfield, 1874, pp. 219–220.
27. ^ William P. Van Ness vs. The People. 1805.
28. ^ ^{a b} Dr. David Hosack to William Coleman, August 17, 1804.
29. ^ ^{a b} "Document: Joint argument on the Duel < A Biography of Alexander Hamilton (1755–1804) < Biographies < American History From Revolution To Reconstruction and beyond". Odur.let.carpet.nl. Archived from the original on Apr 2, 2012. Retrieved July 9, 2016.
30. ^ ^{a b} Nathaniel Pendleton'due south Amended Version of His and William P. Ness'southward Statement of July xi, 1804.
31. ^ The letter is not dated, but the consensus among Hamilton'due south contemporaries (including Burr) suggests that it was written July x, 1804, the night before the duel. Run into Freeman, 1996, note 1.
32. ^ Hamilton, Alexander. "Statement on Impending Duel with Aaron Burr, (June 28, – July ten, 1804)". Founders Online.
33. ^ Hamilton, 1804, 26:278.
34. ^ Joseph Wheelan, Jefferson's Vendetta: The Pursuit of Aaron Burr and the Judiciary, New York, Carroll & Graf Publishers, 2005, ISBN 0-7867-1437-9, p. 90
35. ^ Kennedy, Roger G. (September 29, 2000). Burr, Hamilton, and Jefferson: A Study in Grapheme . Oxford University Printing. p. 83. ISBN978-0199728220 . Retrieved July nine, 2018.
36. ^ Winfield. 1874. p. 220.
37. ^ North.Y. Spectator. July 28, 1824.
38. ^ Sabine. 1857. p. 212.
39. ^ "Steven C. Smith. My Friend Hamilton – Whom I Shot" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on Nov 27, 2007. Retrieved July 18, 2020.
40. ^ McDonald, Forrest (1979). Alexander Hamilton: A Biography. ISBN9780393300482 . Retrieved November 2, 2021.
41. ^ Holland, Josiah Gilbert; Gilder, Richard Watson (1900). The Century Illustrated Monthly Mag . Retrieved April 20, 2015.
42. ^ "The two boats rowed back to New York Metropolis". www.aaronburrassociation.org . Retrieved March 27, 2018.
43. ^ ^{a b c} Lindsay, Merrill (Nov 1976). "Pistols Shed Lite on Famed Duel". Smithsonian: 94–98. Archived from the original on March eighteen, 2017. Retrieved August 22, 2007.
44. ^ ^{a b} Alexander Hamilton, past Ron Chernow, p. 590
45. ^ Burr, Aaron; Davis, Matthew Livingston (1837). Memoirs of Aaron Burr: With Miscellaneous Selections from His Correspondence, Volume ane. Harper & Brothers. p. 417. ISBN9780836952131 . Retrieved February eleven, 2016.
46. ^ For the Us Bicentennial in 1976, Chase Manhattan allowed the pistols to be removed and lent to the U.S. Bicentennial Society of Richmond. A subsequent article in the Smithsonian magazine said that shut examination of the pistols had revealed a cloak-and-dagger pilus trigger. ("Pistols shed light on famed duel" Archived March 18, 2017, at the Wayback Machine from the Smithsonian magazine; November 1976) Withal, English dueling pistols had been customarily fitted with hair triggers (known as set triggers) for twenty years earlier the duel, and pistols made by Robert Wogdon were no exception. They cannot, therefore, be said to have "underground" pilus triggers. (The British Duelling Pistol; John Atkinson, Artillery and Armour Press; 1978)
47. ^ Robert Bromeley and Mrs. Patrick W. Harrington (August 1971). "National Register of Celebrated Places Registration: Belvidere". New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation. Archived from the original on September 29, 2011. Retrieved June 14, 2009. Encounter also: "Unfiled NHL Nomination Form for Villa Belvidere". Archived from the original on August fourteen, 2012.
48. ^ "JPMorgan's Expanding Footprint". DealBook. The New York Times. March sixteen, 2008. Retrieved July 3, 2014.
49. ^ Fleming, Thomas. Duel – Alexander Hamilton, Aaron Burr and the Hereafter of America, New York: Basic Books, 1999, pp. 328–329
50. ^ "The Terminal Hours of Alexander Hamilton". Trinity Church building Wall Street. July ix, 2014.
51. ^ Chernow.^{[ folio needed ]}
52. ^ Centinel of Freedom. November 24, 1807, cited in Winfield, 1874, p. 220.
53. ^ April 29, 2016. Retrieved May xx, 2018.
54. ^ Kemble, Frances Anne (1984) [1st pub. 1961]. "Editor's Introduction". In Scott, John A. (ed.). Journal of a Residence on a Georgian Plantation in 1838-1839. University of Georgia Printing. pp. lvii. ISBN0-8203-0707-6.
55. ^ "Mourn, Oh Columbia! Thy Hamilton is Gone to That 'bourn from which no traveler returns'". The Adams Centinel. Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, U.Due south.: Robert Harper. July 25, 1804. p. 3.
56. ^ "Indicted Vice President Bids Senate Farewell—March 2, 1805". United States Senate. Historical Minutes. 2003. Archived from the original on December two, 2010. Retrieved November 2, 2021.
57. ^ "Noted Members". St. Andrew's Club of New York. Archived from the original on September 11, 2015. Retrieved September 28, 2015.
58. ^ Demontreux, 2004, pp. three–four.
59. ^ Demontreux, 2004, p. 4.
60. ^ Demontreux, 2004, p. 5.
61. ^ Demontreux, 2004, p. 6.
62. ^ Demontreux, 2004, pp. seven–9.
63. ^ "Alumna'southward Research Guided Fiery Lyrics and Duels of Broadway Striking 'Hamilton'". University of Virginia. Archived from the original on April 10, 2017. Retrieved April 9, 2017.
64. ^ "Hamilton, Burr kin re-enact famous, fatal duel". MSNBC . Retrieved Apr 20, 2015.
65. ^ Brenzel, Kathryn (July 10, 2015). "Burr killed Hamilton 211 years ago during famous duel in Weehawken". Nj.com. NJ Accelerate Media.

References [edit]

• The Adams Centinel (July 25, 1804) "Mourn, Oh Columbia! Thy Hamilton is gone to that 'bourn from whence no traveler returns'", Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, U.South., p. 3.
• Berg, Al and Sherman, Lauren (2004). "Pistols at Weehawken." Weehawken Historical Commission.
• Chernow, Ron (2004). Alexander Hamilton. The Penguin Printing
• Coleman, William (1804). A Collection of Facts and Documents, relative to the death of Major-Full general Alexander Hamilton. New York.
• Cooke, Syrett and Jean G, eds. (1960). Interview in Weehawken: The Burr–Hamilton Duel every bit Told in the Original Documents. Middletown, Connecticut.
• Cooper to Philip Schuyler. April 23, 1804. 26: 246.
• Cooper, Charles D. (April 24, 1804). Albany Register.
• Davis, Matthew Fifty. Memoirs of Aaron Burr (gratis ebook available from Project Gutenberg).
• Demontreux, Willie (2004). "The Changing Face of the Hamilton Monument." Weehawken Historical Commission.
• Ellis, Joseph J. (2000). Founding Brothers: The Revolutionary Generation. (Chapter One: The Duel), Alfred A. Knopf. New York. ISBN 0-375-40544-five
• Flagg, Thomas R. (2004). "An Investigation into the Location of the Weehawken Dueling Basis." Weehawken Historical Commission.
• Fleming, Thomas (1999). The Duel: Alexander Hamilton, Aaron Burr, and the Future of America. New York: Perseus Books. ISBN 0-465-01736-three
• Frazier, Ian (Feb sixteen, 2004). "Route three." The New Yorker.
• Freeman, Joanne B. (1996). Dueling as Politics: Reinterpreting the Burr–Hamilton duel, The William and Mary Quarterly, third series, 53 (2): 289–318.
• Georgia Republican & Land Intelligencer (July 31, 1804) General Hamilton is expressionless! Savannah, Georgia, U.S., July 31, 1804, p. 3.
• Hamilton, Alexander. "Statement on Impending Duel with Aaron Burr," [June 28 – July 10], 26: 278.
• Hamilton, Alexander. The Papers of Alexander Hamilton. Harold C. Syrett, ed. 27 vols. New York: 1961–1987
• Lindsay, Merrill (1976). "Pistols Shed Lite on Famed Duel." Archived March eighteen, 2017, at the Wayback Machine Smithsonian, VI (Nov): 94–98.
• McGrath, Ben. May 31, 2004. "Reënactment: Burr vs. Hamilton Archived July 4, 2013, at the Wayback Machine." The New Yorker.
• New York Evening Post. July 17, 1804. "Funeral Obsequies." From the Collection of the New York Historical Lodge.
• Ogden, Thomas H. (1979). "On Projective Identifications," in International Journal of Psychoanalysis, sixty, 357. Cf. Rogow, A Fatal Friendship, 327, note 29.
• PBS. 1996. American Experience: The Duel. Documentary transcript.
• Reid, John (1898). "Where Hamilton Fell: The Exact Location of the Famous Duelling Ground." Weehawken Historical Commission.
• Rorabaugh, W.J. (1995). "The Political Duel in the Early Republic: Burr 5. Hamilton". Journal of the Early on Republic. xv (ane): i–23. doi:x.2307/3124381. JSTOR 3124381.
• Sabine, Lorenzo. Notes on Duels and Duelling. Boston.
• Van Ness, William P. (1804). A Correct Statement of the Belatedly Melancholy Matter of Laurels, Between General Hamilton and Col. Burr. New York.
• William P. Ness vs. The People. January 1805. Duel papers, William P. Ness papers, New York Historical Guild.
• Wilson, James Grant (1869). "The Weehawken Dueling Ground". Literature, Science, and Art. 1 (xi): 339–340. Archived from the original on July 11, 2007.
• Winfield, Charles H. (1874). History of the County of Hudson, New Jersey from Its Primeval Settlement to the Present Fourth dimension. New York: Kennard and Hay. Affiliate 8, "Duels." pp. 200–231.

External links [edit]

• Media related to Burr–Hamilton duel at Wikimedia Commons
• American Experience – The Duel – Official PBS Hamilton-Burr Duel Documentary site
• Duel 2004 – A site dedicated to the 200th ceremony of the duel.

shieldsyoursider.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burr%E2%80%93Hamilton_duel

Share this post