to join the european union what must a country prove

Rules that define whether a country is eligible to join the European Marriage

The Copenhagen criteria are the rules that define whether a country is eligible to join the Eu. The criteria crave that a country has the institutions to preserve democratic governance and human being rights, has a functioning market economic system, and accepts the obligations and intent of the EU.^[4]

These membership criteria were laid downward at the June 1993 European Quango in Copenhagen, Denmark, from which they take their name. Excerpt from the Copenhagen Presidency conclusions:^[5]

Membership requires that candidate land has accomplished stability of institutions guaranteeing democracy, the rule of law, human rights, respect for and protection of minorities, the being of a functioning market place economy as well as the capacity to cope with competitive pressure and market place forces inside the Union. Membership presupposes the candidate's ability to take on the obligations of membership including adherence to the aims of political, economic and monetary matrimony.

Most of these elements have been antiseptic over the last decade by legislation and other decisions of the European Council, the European Committee and the European Parliament, as well as by the case constabulary of the European Court of Justice and the European Court of Human Rights. However, in that location are sometimes conflicting interpretations in electric current member states, specially regarding what is meant by "the dominion of law".^[six]

European Union membership criteria [edit]

During the negotiations with each candidate country, progress towards meeting the Copenhagen criteria is regularly monitored. On the footing of this, decisions are fabricated equally to whether and when a particular country should join, or what actions demand to be taken before joining is possible.

The European Spousal relationship Membership criteria are defined by the iii documents:

• The 1992 Treaty of Maastricht (Commodity 49)
• The declaration of the June 1993 European Council in Copenhagen, i.e., Copenhagen criteria—describing the general policy in more details
  • political
  • economic
  • legislative
• Framework for negotiations with a particular candidate land
  • specific and detailed conditions
  • argument stressing that the new fellow member cannot take its place in the Matrimony until it is considered that the European union itself has enough "assimilation chapters" for this to happen.

When agreed in 1993, there was no machinery for ensuring that whatsoever country which was already an EU member state was in compliance with these criteria. All the same, arrangements take now been put in place to police force compliance with these criteria, following the "sanctions" imposed against the Austrian government of Wolfgang Schüssel in early on 2000 past the other fourteen Fellow member States' governments. These arrangements came into outcome on 1 February 2003 nether the provisions of the Treaty of Nice.^{[ citation needed ]}

Geographic criteria [edit]

Commodity 49 (formerly Article O) of the Treaty on European Union (TEU)^[vii] or Maastricht Treaty states that any European country that respects the principles of the Eu may utilize to bring together. Countries' classification every bit European is "bailiwick to political assessment"^[8] by the Committee and more chiefly—the European Council.

In 1987, Kingdom of morocco applied to join the European Communities (the precursor to the European Marriage). The application was rejected on the grounds that Morocco was non considered to exist a "European country" and hence could not join.

In 2004, Cyprus joined the Eu, despite its geographical position due south of Asia Minor.

Although non-European states are not considered eligible to exist members, they may enjoy varying degrees of integration with the EU, gear up out by international agreements. The general capacity of the community and the fellow member states to conclude association agreements with third countries is being developed.^{[ commendation needed ]} Moreover, specific frameworks for integration with third countries are emerging—including most prominently the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP). This notably replaces the Barcelona procedure which previously provided the framework for the European union's relations with its Mediterranean neighbours in North Africa and Southwest asia.^{[ commendation needed ]}

The ENP should not be dislocated with the Stabilisation and Association Process in the Western Balkans or the European Economical Area. Russia does not autumn within the scope of the ENP, merely is subject to a separate framework. The European Neighbourhood Policy can be interpreted every bit the drawing upward of the Union'due south borders for the foreseeable future.^{[ citation needed ]} Another way the European union is integrating with neighbouring countries is through the Union for the Mediterranean, fabricated up of EU countries and others bordering the Mediterranean sea.^{[ citation needed ]}

Political criteria [edit]

Democracy [edit]

Functional autonomous governance requires that all citizens of the country should exist able to participate, on an equal basis, in the political conclusion making at every unmarried governing level, from local municipalities up to the highest, national, level. This also requires gratuitous elections with a secret ballot, the right to found political parties without any hindrance from the state, fair and equal access to a free press, free trade union organisations, freedom of personal opinion, and executive powers restricted by laws and allowing free access to judges independent of the executive.

Rule of law [edit]

The rule of law implies that regime potency may only be exercised in accordance with documented laws, which were adopted through an established procedure. The principle is intended to be a safeguard against arbitrary rulings in private cases.

Man rights [edit]

Human being rights are those rights which every person holds because of their quality as a human being being; human rights are inalienable and belonging to all humans. If a right is inalienable, that means it cannot be bestowed, granted, express, bartered away, or sold abroad (e.thou. one cannot sell oneself into slavery). These include the right to life, the right to exist prosecuted but according to the laws that are in beingness at the time of the offence, the right to be complimentary from slavery, and the right to be gratis from torture.

The United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights is considered the most authoritative formulation of man rights, although it lacks the more effective enforcement mechanism of the European Convention on Homo Rights. The requirement to fall in line with this formulation forced several nations^{[ commendation needed ]} that recently joined the European union to implement major changes in their legislation, public services and judiciary. Many of the changes involved the treatment of ethnic and religious minorities, or removal of disparities of treatment betwixt different political factions.

Respect for and protection of minorities [edit]

Members of such national minorities should exist able to maintain their distinctive culture and practices, including their language (as far as not opposite to the homo rights of other people, nor to democratic procedures and rule of constabulary), without suffering any discrimination. A Council of Europe convention, the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities (treaty No. 157) reflected this principle. But the Convention did not include a clear definition of what constituted a national minority. As a issue, some signatory states added official declarations on the thing:^[nine]

• Austria: "The Republic of Austria declares that, for itself, the term 'national minorities' inside the meaning of the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities is understood to designate those groups which come inside the scope of application of the Law on Ethnic Groups (Volksgruppengesetz, Federal Constabulary Gazette No. 396/1976) and which live and traditionally accept had their domicile in parts of the territory of the Republic of Republic of austria and which are composed of Austrian citizens with non-High german mother tongues and with their own ethnic cultures."
• Azerbaijan: "The Republic of Republic of azerbaijan, confirming its adherence to the universal values and respecting homo rights and fundamental freedoms, declares that the ratification of the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities and implementation of its provisions do not imply any right to appoint in whatever activity violating the territorial integrity and sovereignty, or internal and international security of the Republic of azerbaijan."
• Belgium: "The Kingdom of Belgium declares that the Framework Convention applies without prejudice to the ramble provisions, guarantees or principles, and without prejudice to the legislative rules which currently govern the use of languages. The Kingdom of Kingdom of belgium declares that the notion of national minority will exist divers by the inter-ministerial briefing of strange policy."
• Republic of bulgaria: "Confirming its adherence to the values of the Council of Europe and the want for the integration of Bulgaria into the European structures, committed to the policy of protection of human rights and tolerance to persons belonging to minorities, and their full integration into Bulgarian society, the National Assembly of the Commonwealth of Republic of bulgaria declares that the ratification and implementation of the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities exercise not imply any right to appoint in whatever activity violating the territorial integrity and sovereignty of the unitary Bulgarian State, its internal and international security."
• Denmark: "In connectedness with the eolith of the musical instrument of ratification by Kingdom of denmark of the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities, it is hereby declared that the Framework Convention shall use to the High german minority in Southward Jutland of the Denmark."
• Estonia: "The Commonwealth of Republic of estonia understands the term national minorities, which is not defined in the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities, equally follows: are considered as national minority those citizens of Estonia who - reside on the territory of Estonia; - maintain longstanding, house and lasting ties with Estonia; - are distinct from Estonians on the ground of their ethnic, cultural, religious or linguistic characteristics; - are motivated by a concern to preserve together their cultural traditions, their religion or their linguistic communication, which found the ground of their common identity."
• Deutschland: "The Framework Convention contains no definition of the notion of national minorities. It is therefore upwardly to the private Contracting Parties to determine the groups to which it shall apply later on ratification. National Minorities in the Federal Republic of Germany are the Danes of German citizenship and the members of the Sorbian people with German citizenship. The Framework Convention will also be applied to members of the ethnic groups traditionally resident in Germany, the Frisians of German language citizenship and the Sinti and Roma of German language citizenship."
• Republic of latvia: "The Republic of Latvia – Recognizing the variety of cultures, religions and languages in Europe, which constitutes i of the features of the common European identity and a particular value, – Taking into account the experience of the Council of Europe fellow member States and the wish to foster the preservation and development of national minority cultures and languages, while respecting the sovereignty and national-cultural identity of every State, – Affirming the positive role of an integrated social club, including the control of the State language, to the life of a democratic Land, – Taking into account the specific historical experience and traditions of Latvia, declares that the notion 'national minorities' which has not been defined in the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities, shall, in the meaning of the Framework Convention, apply to citizens of Latvia who differ from Latvians in terms of their culture, organized religion or language, who have traditionally lived in Latvia for generations and consider themselves to belong to the State and society of Latvia, who wish to preserve and develop their civilisation, religion or linguistic communication. Persons who are not citizens of Latvia or some other Land but who permanently and legally reside in the Commonwealth of Latvia, who do not belong to a national minority within the meaning of the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities as defined in this declaration, simply who identify themselves with a national minority that meets the definition contained in this declaration, shall enjoy the rights prescribed in the Framework Convention, unless specific exceptions are prescribed by law. The Democracy of Latvia declares that it will apply the provisions of Commodity 10, paragraph two, of the Framework Convention without prejudice to the Satversme (Constitution) of the Republic of Republic of latvia and the legislative acts governing the employ of the Country linguistic communication that are currently into force. The Latvia declares that it will utilise the provisions of Article xi, paragraph 3, of the Framework Convention without prejudice to the Satversme (Constitution) of the Republic of Latvia and the legislative acts governing the apply of the State language that are currently into force."
• Liechtenstein: "The Principality of liechtenstein declares that Articles 24 and 25, in particular, of the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities of 1 February 1995 are to be understood having regard to the fact that no national minorities in the sense of the Framework Convention exist in the territory of the Principality of Principality of liechtenstein. The Principality of liechtenstein considers its ratification of the Framework Convention as an act of solidarity in the view of the objectives of the Convention."
• Luxembourg: "The Yard Duchy of Luxembourg understands by 'national minority' in the meaning of the Framework Convention, a group of people settled for numerous generations on its territory, having the Luxembourg nationality and having kept distinctive characteristics in an indigenous and linguistic mode. On the ground of this definition, the Luxembourg is induced to plant that there is no 'national minority' on its territory."
• Malta: "The Government of Malta reserves the right not to be bound by the provisions of Article 15 insofar every bit these entail the correct to vote or to stand up for election either for the House of Representatives or for Local Councils. The Authorities of Republic of malta declares that Articles 24 and 25, in particular, of the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities of 1 February 1995 are to be understood having regard to the fact that no national minorities in the sense of the Framework Convention exist in the territory of the Government of Malta. The Regime of Republic of malta considers its ratification of the Framework Convention as an act of solidarity in the view of the objectives of the Convention."
• Netherlands: "The Kingdom of the netherlands will apply the Framework Convention to the Frisians. The Government of the netherlands assumes that the protection afforded by Commodity 10, paragraph iii, does non differ, despite the variations in wording, from that afforded past Article 5, paragraph 2, and Commodity 6, paragraph 3 (a) and (eastward), of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Cardinal Freedoms. The Holland accepts the Framework Convention for the Kingdom in Europe."
• Due north Macedonia: "Referring to the Framework Convention, and taking into account the latest amendments to the Constitution of the Republic of North Macedonia, the Minister of Foreign Affairs of North Macedonia submits the revised declaration to replace the previous ii declarations on the aforesaid Convention: The term 'national minorities' used in the Framework Convention and the provisions of the same Convention shall be applied to the citizens of the Democracy of North Macedonia who live within its borders and who are role of the Albanian people, Turkish people, Vlach people, Serbian people, Roma people and Bosniak people."
• Poland: "Taking into consideration the fact, that the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities contains no definition of the national minorities notion, the Democracy of Poland declares, that it understands this term as national minorities residing within the territory of the Commonwealth of Poland at the same fourth dimension whose members are Polish citizens. The Republic of Poland shall besides implement the Framework Convention under Article 18 of the Convention by conclusion of international agreements mentioned in this Article, the aim of which is to protect national minorities in Poland and minorities or groups of Poles in other States."
• Russia: "The Russian Federation considers that none is entitled to include unilaterally in reservations or declarations, made while signing or ratifying the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities, a definition of the term 'national minority', which is non contained in the Framework Convention."
• Slovenia: "Considering that the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities does not incorporate a definition of the notion of national minorities and information technology is therefore up to the individual Contracting Party to determine the groups which it shall consider as national minorities, the Government of the Republic of Slovenia, in accordance with the Constitution and internal legislation of the Republic of Slovenia, declares that these are the autochthonous Italian and Hungarian National Minorities. In accordance with the Constitution and internal legislation of the Commonwealth of Slovenia, the provisions of the Framework Convention shall employ also to the members of the Roma community, who live in the Republic of Slovenia."
• Sweden: "The national minorities in Sweden are Sami, Swedish Finns, Tornedalers, Roma and Jews."
• Switzerland: "Switzerland declares that in Switzerland national minorities in the sense of the framework Convention are groups of individuals numerically junior to the rest of the population of the country or of a county, whose members are Swiss nationals, have long-standing, firm and lasting ties with Switzerland and are guided past the will to safeguard together what constitutes their mutual identity, in particular their civilization, their traditions, their faith or their language. Switzerland declares that the provisions of the framework Convention governing the use of the language in relations between individuals and authoritative authorities are applicable without prejudice to the principles observed by the Confederation and the cantons in the determination of official languages."

A consensus was reached (among other legal experts, the so-chosen groups of Venice) that this convention refers to any ethnic, linguistic or religious people that defines itself as a distinctive group, that forms the historic population or a meaning historic and current minority in a well-defined area, and that maintains stable and friendly relations with the state in which information technology lives. Some experts and countries wanted to get farther. Nevertheless, recent minorities, such as immigrant populations, have nowhere been listed by signatory countries every bit minorities concerned by this convention.

Economical criteria [edit]

The economic criteria, broadly speaking, require that candidate countries have a performance market economy and that their producers take the capability to cope with competitive pressure level and market place forces inside the Union. The Euro convergence criteria and European Commutation Rate Mechanism have been used to prepare countries for joining the Eurozone, both founding and later members.

Legislative alignment [edit]

Finally, and technically outside the Copenhagen criteria, comes the further requirement that all prospective members must enact legislation to bring their laws into line with the trunk of European law built upwards over the history of the Union, known as the acquis communautaire. In preparing for each admission, the acquis is divided into separate chapters, each dealing with different policy areas. For the process of the fifth enlargement that concluded with the admission of Bulgaria and Romania in 2007, there were 31 capacity. For the talks with Croatia, Turkey and Iceland the acquis has been split further into 35 capacity.

References [edit]

1. ^ ^{a b} "2021 Communication on Eu Enlargement Policy". Retrieved 24 December 2021.
2. ^ "Georgia formally applies for Eu membership | DW | 03.03.2022". Deutsche Welle.
3. ^ "Georgia, Moldova follow Ukraine in applying to join EU". 3 March 2022.
4. ^ "Glossary of Statistical Terms - COPENHAGEN CRITERIA". Organisation for Economical Co-operation and Evolution. eleven June 2013. Retrieved 3 April 2021.
5. ^ "Presidency Conclusion Copenhagen European Council - 21-22 June 1993" (PDF) . Retrieved 28 Feb 2020.
6. ^ Janse, Ronald (6 May 2019). "Is the European Commission a credible guardian of the values?: A revisionist business relationship of the Copenhagen political criteria during the Big Blindside enlargement". International Journal of Ramble Law. 17 (ane): 43–65. doi:10.1093/icon/moz009 – via Silverchair.
7. ^ The caput of states of the EU member states (7 February 1992). "The Maastricht Treaty" (PDF). Treaty on the Eu. eurotreaties.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on iv March 2006. Retrieved 9 July 2008.
8. ^ Members of the European Parliament (19 May 1998). "Legal questions of enlargement". Enlargement of the European Union. The European Parliament. Retrieved 9 July 2008.
9. ^ "Search on Treaties". Treaty Function.

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen_criteria

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